DESARROLLO ORGANIZACIONAL E INTELIGENCIA ORGANIZACIONAL. DIVERSIDAD EN LAS ORGANIZACIONES

Autor: Eric Gaynor Butterfield

GESTIÓN DEL CAMBIO

04-2006

Las ciencias del comportamiento en las organizaciones han hecho contribuciones significativas al alertar sobre aspectos “no-físicos” que tienen una fuerte incidencia en el comportamiento organizacional y en los resultados empresariales.

Inicialmente los aportes privilegiaron al “individuo” como unidad de análisis principal y con el transcurso del tiempo se hicieron contribuciones importantes a dos unidades de análisis “más grandes”:

 en primer término los grupos y luego la organización en su conjunto.

Los aprendizajes respecto del comportamiento grupal mostraron que muchas veces la efectividad y eficiencia organizacional guarda mucha relación con la calidad y cantidad de las relaciones interpersonales, y también las inter-grupales.

También se han estudiado otras variables como por ejemplo el grado de cohesión y se ha prestado una considerable atención a la variable conflicto que, en una primera instancia, era vista como fuente de potenciales disfunciones para la empresa.
 
Alrededor de la segunda mitad del siglo pasado muchos autores comenzaron a prestar atención a lo que sucedía en el contexto organizacional (Amitai Etzioni: “Modern Organizations”; Prentice Hall – 1964);

Charles Perrow: Organizational analysis: a sociological view”; Brooks / Cole – 1970; D. Katz & R. Kahn: “The social psychology of organizations”; New York: Wiley – 1978; Derek Pugh & D. J. Hickson: “Organizational structure in its context: The Aston programme”; Coger Publishing – 1976);

Eric Trist et. al.: “Organizational choice”; Tavistock – 1963; Pert Hofstede: “Cultures and organizations: software of the mind”; McGraw-Hill – 1991; James D. Thompson; “Organizations in Action”; McGraw Hill – 1967; Paul Lawrence & Jay Lorsch: “Organizations and Environment”; Harvard – 1967).
 
Y cada vez parece ser mayor la incidencia de lo que “sucede fuera de la empresa” y las consecuencias que ello tiene sobre la propia organización. Hoy en día las corporaciones de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica ganan más dinero de sus operaciones fuera de Estados Unidos que lo que generan dentro de su propio país.
 
Anteriormente el empresario y el alto directivo de una corporación partía del punto de vista de desarrollar y fabricar un producto “distinto” que le pudiera dar suficientes ventajas para sostener su empresa en el tiempo.

Estas personalidades tenían en sus cabezas (por supuesto que metafóricamente, ya que lo tenían en sus mentes) que “a partir de Su producto” se generaba la empresa.

 Hoy en día, los directivos más altos del mundo corporativo como así también los empresarios y propietarios que sobreviven y crecen saben muy bien que lo importante es lo que el Cliente tiene en su mente.

 La empresa Coca-Cola ha popularizado el concepto que en lugar de pensar en la “porción del mercado” hay que comenzar a pensar respecto de “la porción de la mente de los Clientes”.
 
Y los Clientes – bajo la concepción tradicional es estructura organizacional – aparecen como actores fuera del organigrama.

Estos personajes son cada día más variados, requieren productos más variados, y que estos sean de corta duración.

Es decir, que en poco tiempo estos productos y servicios nuevos se conviertan en “terminales”. La práctica de CRM (Customer Relationship Management) ha destacado la importancia de la relación one-to-one con foco en el Cliente (y lo que éste tiene en su cabeza).
 
Así como los Clientes han ganado en diversidad, también lo han sido las personas que aparecen en los organigramas formales de las empresas.

 La fuerza laboral es cada vez más variada en cuanto a género, cultura, nacionalidad, idioma, y costumbres entre otros.

Las organizaciones y sus líderes se encuentran entonces con un fenómeno nuevo con el cual deben lidiar, para el cual usualmente no han estado preparados. Para ser más precisos, dentro de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica,

 las personas que ingresan a las organizaciones han de ser mayoritariamente no-blancos a partir del año 2000 como lo pronostican y señalan Goldstein & William (ver Bibliografía - 1990) y Offerman & Gowing (ver Bibliografía – 1990).

 La economía en muchos países se ha movido de los sectores primario y secundario al sector terciario lo que requiere mayores habilidades de tipo inter-personal donde la calidad en cuanto al delivery del producto es de suma importancia.

Y hemos de encontrar una fuerza laboral cada vez más diversa; se estima que para mediados de este siglo los hispanos, negros y asiáticos han de representar casi la mitad de la población de los Estados Unidos.
 
De modo que los Clientes y también el propio personal como los proveedores, son más diversos en cuanto a género, cultura, nacionalidad, idioma, y costumbres entre otros.

 Y por lo general los líderes y gerentes no han estado acostumbrados a lidiar con tanta diversidad.

 Es nuestra sugerencia que es bueno prepararse y para ello es que hemos desarrollado esta Bibliografía sobre temas relacionados con Diversidad.
 
En “Workplace Diversity” los autores Harry Triandis, Lois L. Kurowski & Michele J. Gelfand (“Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology”; Consulting Psychologists – 1994)

 señalan que su definición de diversidad refleja cualquier atributo que los humanos están dispuestos a usar para decirse a sí mismos: “Esa persona es diferente de mí”.

 Brewer & Campbell (ver Bibliografía - 1976) señalan que las personas tendemos a hacer uso de nuestra propia cultura para juzgar y evaluar otras culturas.

Y tendemos naturalmente los humanos a ver positivamente a aquellos cuya cultura es similar a la nuestra, lo que implica que “devaluamos” a aquellos que se diferencian de nosotros.

 No es necesario señalar las múltiples consecuencias negativas que se han de originar en una empresa / organización como resultado de cómo los participantes organizacionales ven “devaluados” al resto; ya el lector ha podido hacer su propia apreciación.
 
Este fenómeno nuevo que se llama diversidad en la literatura de las ciencias del comportamiento y esperamos que esta Bibliografía le resulte de utilidad a los lectores, como así también a los directivos corporativos y empresarios en las distintas culturas latinoamericanas,

para de esa manera poder crear, desarrollar y promover organizaciones que alcancen un alto nivel de eficiencia competitiva.
 
Al parecer los humanos somos etnocéntricos, y muchas otras especies también lo son (no es común ver a un grupo de cebras integrado con gacelas, por ejemplo).

Y además de ser etnocéntricos, y esto es especialmente importante para aquellos interesados en la marcha de sus empresas y organizaciones, la filosofía de dirección y gerencial prevaleciente ha enfatizado este etnocentrismo.

Los autores Loden & Rosener (ver Bibliografía - 1991) incluyen los siguientes aspectos dentro de la filosofía de dirección prevaleciente,

lo que atenta contra la concepción de diversidad como una fuente de ventajas como así también de desventajas: el hecho de que existan “los otros” es por sí mismo una deficiencia;

la diversidad es una fuente de real amenaza para el funcionamiento efectivo; los participantes organizacionales que se caracterizan por su “diversidad” deben tratar de asemejarse al grupo que domina dentro de la empresa. Y sugieren entonces – que en base a esta filosofía de dirección – es necesario cambiar a las personas y no a la cultura organizacional.
 
Por nuestra parte esperamos con esta primer Bibliografía sobre “Diversidad” permita a los directivos corporativos y propietarios de empresas pensar sobre las oportunidades que le presenta tener un mayor conocimiento sobre los distintos aspectos que se vinculan con ella.

Lo que sí estamos seguros es que el mundo organizacional y de las empresas se va a volver cada vez más complejo por la cada vez mayor influencia de lo que está fuera de la organización, como así también por la presión de las cambiantes y variadas necesidades individuales.

 Si a ello le agregamos una fuerza laboral interna a la empresa cada vez más distinta y heterogénea, ello ha de requerir competencias y habilidades especiales a la dirección y gerencia. Muchos de los aportes y contribuciones que aquí se incluyen han de ser de gran ayuda al respecto.
 
Sus sugerencias y recomendaciones de mejoras en relación con esta Bibliografía, son sumamente bienvenidas. Muchas gracias por compartir.

Bibliografía : Diversidad
 
Abowd, J. M. & Bognanno, M. International differences in executive and managerial compensation. Unpublished paper, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1993.
Adler, N. J. (1982). Cross-cultural management (Special issue). International Studies of Management and Organization, volume 12.
Adler, N. J. (1983). A typology of management studies involving culture. Journal of International Business Studies, volume 14.
Adler, N. J. (1983). Cross-cultural management research: The ostrich and the trend. Academy of Management Review, volume 8.
Adler, N. J. (1986). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston: Kent.
Adler, N. J., & Graham, J. L. (1986) Cross-cultural interaction: The international comparison fallacy. Unpublished manuscript.
Adler, N. J. (1990). International dimensions of organizational behavior. Boston, MA: Kent.
Adorno, T., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper & Row.
Albert, R. (1983). The intercultural sensitizer or culture assimilator: A cognitive approach. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Volune 2). New York: Pergamon Press.
Albert, S. (1977). A temporal comparison theory. Psychological Review, issue 84.
Albert, R. (1983). The intercultural sensitizer or culture assimilator: A cognitive approach. In D. Landis & R. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training; Volume 2. New York: Pergamon.
Amir, Y., & Sharon, L (1988). Are social Psychological laws cross-culturally valid? Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, volume 18.
Anonymous (1991). Taking the cultural blinkers off. Business Korea, issue 9.
Allen, J. P., & Turner, E. (1990). Where diversity reigns. American Demographics, issue 12 - 8.
Amir, Y. (1969). Contact hypothesis in inter-group relations. Psychological Bulletin, issue number 71.
Ansari, M. A. (1980). Organizational climate: Homogeneity within and heterogeneity between organizations. Journal of Social and Economic Studies, issue 8.
Argyle, M. (1988). Bodily communication. London: Methuen.
Aronson, E., & Gonzalez, A. (1988). Segregation, jigsaw and the Mexican-American experience. In P. A. Katz & D. T. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism. New York: Plenum.
Arsenault, A., & Dolan, S. (1983). The role of personality, occupation and organization in Cross-cultural Industrial Psychology in understanding the relationship between job stress, performance and absenteeism. Journal of Occupational Psychology, issue number 56.
Asante, M. K., & Davis, A. (1989). Encounters in the interracial workplace. En M. K. Asante & W. B. Gudykunst (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Atkinson, D. R., Neville, H., & Casas, A. (1991). The mentorship of ethnic minorities in professional psychology. Professional Psychology Research and Practice, issue 22.
Audia, G. Managing internationalization at the corporate level: the case study of Fiat. Unpublished paper, Milan, Italy, SDA Bocconi – 1991.
Ayman, R., & Chemers, M. (1986, July). The emic/etic approach to leadership orientation and job satisfaction of Mexican managers. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Association of Applied Psychology, Jerusalem.
Ayman, R., & Chemers, M. M. (1991). The effect of leadership match on subordinate satisfaction m Mexican organizations: Some moderating influences of self-monitoring. Applied Psychology: An International Review, volume 40.
Baba, M., Hanoka, M., Hara, H., & Thompson, R. (1984). Managerial behavior in Japan and the USA. Tokyo: Japan Productivity Center.
Babiker. J. E., Cox, J. L., & Miller, P. McG. (1980). The measurement of cultural distance and its relationship to medical consultations, symptomatology, and examination performance of overseas students al Edinburgh University. Social Psychiatry, issue 15
Barlund, D. C., & Araki, S. (1985). Intercultural encounters. The management of compliments by Japanese and Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, volume16.
Bandura. A. (1989). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, issue number 10.
Bantel, K. A., & Jackson, S. E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, issue 10.
Barnlund, D. C. (1988). Communication in a global village. In L. A. Samovar & It E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Barrett, G. y., & Bass, B. M. (1976). Cross cultural issues in industrial and organizational psych In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Bartol, K. M., & Butterfield, D. A. (1976). Sex effects in evaluating leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue number 61.
Bass, B. M., & Burger, P. C. (1979). Assessment of managers: An international comparison. New York: Free Press.
Baumgartel, H & Jeanpierre, F. (1972). Applying new knowledge in the backhome setting: A study of lndian manager’s adoptive efforts. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, issue 8.
Bean, R. (1985). Comparative industrial relations: An introduction to cross-national perspectives. London: Croom & Helm.
Beisecker, T. (1969). Communication and conflict in interpersonal negotiations. Paper presented to the Speech Communication Association, New York.
Bennett, M. (1977). Response characteristics of bilingual managers to organizational questionnaires. Personnel Psychology, volume 30.
Bennett, M. (1977). Testing management theories cross-culturally. Journal of Applied Psychology, volume 62.
Berkman, H. W., & Vernon, I. R. (Eds.). (1979). Contemporary perspectives in international business. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Berlyne, D. (1980). Psychological aesthetics. In H. C. Triandis & W. J. Lonner (Eds.), Handbook of cross cultural psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Berman, J.J., Murphy-Berman, V., & Singh,P. (1985). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in perceptions of fairness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue number 16.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Social and cultural change. In H. C. Triandis & R W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y., Segall, M., & Dasen, P. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology. New York Cambridge Press.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In A. Padilla (Ed.), Acculturation: Theory, models, and some new findings. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M., & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural societies. Applied Psychology, issue 38.
Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y., Segall, M., & Dasen, P. (1992). Cross-cultural psychology. New York: Cambridge Press.
Bettelheim, B., & Janowitz, J. (1950). Dynamics of prejudice. New York: Harper.
Bhagat, R. S., & McQuaid, S.J. (1982). Role of subjective culture in organizations: A review and directions for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology Monograph, issue number 67.
Bhatnagar, D. (1988). Professional women in organizations: Paradigms for research and action. Sex Roles, issue 18 - 5/6.
Bigoness, W. J. (1976). Effect of applicant’s sex, race and performance on employers’ performance ratings: Some additional findings. Journal of Applied Psychology issue number 61.
Billings, D. K. (1989). Individualism and group orientation. In D. M. Keats, D. Munroe, & L. Mann (Eds.), Heterogeneity in cross-cultural psychology. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Birnbaum, P. H., Farh, J., & Wong, G. Y. Y. (1986). The job characteristics model in Hong Kong. Journal of Applied Psychology, volume 71
Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical frame work for future research. Academy of Management Review, issue number 15.
Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, issue number 15.
Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1979). Motivating human productivity in the People’s Republic of China. Group and Organizational Studies, volume 4.
Blum, A. A. (1981). International handbook of industrial relations: contemporary developments and research. London: Aldwych.
Boldt, E. D. (1978). Structural tightness and cross cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue number 9.
Bond, M. H., & Cheung, M. (1984). Experimenter language choice and ethnic affirmation by Chinese trilinguals m Hong Kong. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, volume 8.
Bond, M. H., Wan, K., Leung, K., & Giacalone, R. A. (1985). How are responses to verbal insult related to cultural collectivism and power distance? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, volume 16.
Braddock, J. H. II, & McPartland, J. M. (1987). How minorities continue to be excluded from equal employment- opportunities: Research on labor market and institutional barriers. Journal of Social Issues, issue 43.
Breckler, S. J., Greenwald, A. G. (1986). Motivational facets of the self. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. New York: Guilford.
Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self on being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, issue 17.
Brewer, M., & Campbell, D. T. (1976). Ethnocentrism and inter-group attitudes. New York: Wiley.
Brislin, R. W. (1981). Cross-cultural encounters. New York: Pergamon.
Brislin, R. W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C., & Yong, M. (1986). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Brislin. R. W., & Pedersen, P. (1976). Cross cultural orientation programs. New York: Gardner Press.
Brody,J. E. (August 11, 1992). To predict divorce, ask 125 questions. New York Times.
Buchholz, R. A. (1978). An empirical study of con temporary beliefs about work in American socety. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 63.
Bulkeley, W. M. (October 25, 1991). Lotus creates controversy by extending benefits to partners of gay employees. Wall Street Journal.
Burke, R. J. (1984). Mentors in organizations. Groups and Organizational Studies, issue number 9.
Burke, R. J., McKeen, C. A., & McKennan, C. S. (1990). Sex differences and cross-sex effects on mentoring: Some preliminary data. Psychological Reports, issue number 67.
Bursten, B. (1985). Psychiatric injury in the women’s workplace. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, issue 13.
Burton, M. L., Moore, C. C., Whiting, J. W. M., & Romney, A. K. (1992, February). World cultural regions. Paper presented to the Santa Fe, NM, Meetings of the Society for Cross-Cultural Research
Byrne, D. (1971) The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
Campbell, D. T., & Levine, R. A. (1968). Ethnocentrism and inter-group relations. In R. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcomb, M. T. Rosenberg, & P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNally
Campbell, D. T. (1964). Distinguishing differences of perception from failures of communication in cross-cultural studies. In F. S. C. Northrop & H. H. Livingston (Eds.), Cross-cultural understanding: Epistemology in anthropology. New York: Harper & Row.
Carden, A. D. (1990). Mentoring and career development: The evolution of a theory. Counseling Psychologist, issue 18.
Casse, P. (1982). Training for the multicultural manager. Washington, D.C.: Society for intercultural education, training and research.
Castellow, W. A., Wuensch, K. L., &,Moore, C. H. (1990). Effects of physical attractiveness of the plaintiff and defendant in sexual harassment judgments. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, issue 15 – 6.
Chatterjee, N. N. (1984). Industrial relations In India’s developing economy. Bombay: Allied.
Chattopadhyaya, S., & Pareek, U (1982). Managing organizational change. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH.
Child, J. (1981). Culture, contingency and capitalism in the cross-national study of organizations. Research in organizational behavior, issue number 3.
Chinese Cultural Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, volume 18.
Chusmir, L. H., Moore, D. P., & Adams, J. S. (1990). Research on workingwomen: A report card of 22 journals. Sex Roles, issue 22 - 3/4).
Clarke, C. H. (1992). Communicating benefits to a culturally diverse employee population. Employee Benefits Journal, volume 17.
Clode, Diane. (1988). Sexual harassment in the federal government: An update. Washington, DC: Office of Merit Systems Review and Study.
Cohen, R. (1991). Negotiating across cultures. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Collins, N. W. (1983). Professional women and their mentors. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Cox, T. H., Jr., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. The Executive, issue 5.
Cox, T. H., Lobel, S. A., & McLeod, P. L. (1991). Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task. Academy of Management Journal, issue 34.
Cox, T. H., Jr., & Nkomo, S. M. (1990). Invisible men and women: A status report on race as a variable in organization behavior research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, issue 11.
Cox, T. H., Jr., & Nkomo, S. M. (1991). A race and gender-group analysis of the early experience of MBAs. Work and Occupations, issue 18.
Craft, J. A., Benecki, T. J., & Shkop, Y. M. (1980). Who hires the seriously handicapped? Industrial Relations, issue 19.
Crocker, J. , & McGraw, K. M. (1984). What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander. American Behavioral Scientist, issue 27.
Crull, P. (1982). Stress effects of sexual harassment on the job: Implications for counseling. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, issue 52.
Cummings, T. G., & Srivasta, S. (1977). Management at work: A socio-technical systems approach. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
Cushner, K. (1989). Assessing the impact of a culture general assimilator. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, volume 13.
D’Angeljan, A., & Tucker, G. (1973). Communicating across cultures: An empirical investigation. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue 3.
Davidson, A. R., & Thomson, E. (1980). Cross-cultural studies of attitudes and beliefs. In H. C. Triandis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Volume 5. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Davis, E. E., & Triandis, H. C. (1970). An experimental study of white—black negotiations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, volume 1.
Day, J. C. (1992). Population projections of the United States, by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1992—2050. (Current population Report P25—1092). Washington, DC: Bureau of the Census.
Dayal, I. (1976). Cultural factors in designing performance appraisal system. New Delhi: RC Industrial Relations and Human Resources.
De, N. R. (1974). Conditions for work culture. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, issue 9.
Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Debate: Ways men and women lead. (1992). Harvard Business Review.
De Necochea, G. (1988). An analysis of the impact of self-efficacy, acculturation and gender on the formation of career-related social networks by Hispanic managers. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Santa Barbara). Dissertation Abstracts International, volume 50.
Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 56.
Dhingra, O. P., & Pathak, V. K. (1972). Professional background of the Indian personnel managers PACT.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1985). Cross-cultural and national studies in social psychology. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing.
Diaz-Guerrero, R. (1973). Interpreting coping styles across nations. International Journal of Psychology, issue 8.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale: A measure of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality Assessment, issue 49.
Dipboye, R. L. (1987). Problems and progress of women in management. In K. S. Koziara, M. Moscow, & L. Tanner (Eds.), Working women: Past, present, and future. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs.
Dlugos, G., & Weiermair, K. (Eds.). (1981). Management under differing value systems. Berlin: Walter de Gruyer.
Doi, L. T. (1973). The anatomy of dependence. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
Doktor, R. (1983). Culture and management of time: A comparison of Japanese and American top management practice. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, issue 1.
Doktor, R. (1990). Asian and American CEOs: A comparative study. Organizational Dynamics, volume 18.
Dore, R. (1973). British factory-Japanese factory. London: Allen & Unwin.
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Anastasio, P. A., & Sanitioso, R. (1992). Cognitive and motivational bases of bias: Implications of aversive racism for attitudes toward Hispanics. In S. B. Knouse, P. Rosenfeld, & A. L. Culbertson (Eds.), Hispanics in the workplace. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Dreher, G. F., & Ash, R. A. (1990). A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial, professional, and technical positions. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue number 75.
Drenth, P. J. D. (1985). Cross-cultural organizational psychology: Challenges and limitations. In P. Joynt & M. Warner (Eds.), Managing in different cultures. Amsterdam: Universitetsforlaget, A.S.
D’Souza, K. C. (1984). Organizations as agents of social change. Vikalpa, issue 9.
Dunbar, R (1992). Adjustment and satisfaction of expatriate U.S. personnel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 16.
Dwivedi, R. S. (1983). A comparative study of managerial styles, leadership and trust among Indian managers. Lok Udyog, issue 27.
Dziech, B.W, & Weiner, L. (1990). The lecherous professor Urbana: University of Illinois Press
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, volume 111 – 1.
Earley, P. C. (1986). Supervisors and shop stewards as sources of contextual information in goal-setting: A comparison of the U.S. with England. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 71.
England, G. W. (1983). Japanese and American management: Theory Z and beyond. Journal of International Business Studies, issue 14.
England, G. W., & Harpaz, 1. (1983). Some methodological and analytical considerations in cross national comparative research. Journal of International Business Studies, issue 14.
England, G. W., Negandhi, A. R., & Wilpert, B. (1979). Organizational functioning in cross-cultural perspective. Kent, UK: Comparative Administration Institute.
Epstein,C. F. (1970). Woman’s place: Options and limits in professional careers. Berkeley: University of California Press. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1980). Discrimination because of sex -under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended; adoption of interim interpretive guidelines. Federal Register, volume 45, 25024—25025.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1991). Job patterns for minorities and women in private industry 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Erez, M., & Earley, P.C. (1987). Comparative analysis of goal-setting strategies across cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 72.
Erez, M., & Earley, P.C. (1993). Culture, self-identity, and work. New York: Oxford University Press.
Espinoza, J. A., & Garza, R. T. (1985). Social group salience and interethnic cooperation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, issue number 21.
Farley, L. (1978). Sexual shakedown. New York McGraw-Hill.
Feldman, J.M. Sam, J. A., MacDonald, F., & Bechtel, C.G. (1980). Work outcome preference and evaluation in three ethnic groups. Journal of Cross Psychology, issue number 11.
Feldman, J., MacDonald, F., & Sam, I. A. (1980). Stereotype attribution in two ethnic groups. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 4.
Ferdman, B. M. (1989). Affirmative action and the challenge of the color-blind perspective. En F. A. Blanchard & F. Crosby (Eds.), Affirmative action in perspective (pp. 169—176). New York: Springer Verlag.
Ferdman, B. M. (1990). Literacy and cultural identity. Harvard Educational Review, issue number 60.
Ferdman, B. M. (1992). The dynamics of ethnic diversity in organizations: Toward integrative models. In K. Kelley (Ed.), Issues, theory, and research in industrial/organizational psychology. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Ferdman, B. M., & Cortes, A. C. (1992). Culture and identity among Hispanic managers in an Anglo business. En Knouse, P. Rosenfeld, & A. Culbertson (Eds.), Hispanics in the workplace. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Fernandez, J. P. (1981). Racism and sexism in corporate life. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, issue number 7.
Fiedler, F. E., Meuwese, W., & Oonk, 5. (1961). An exploratory study of group creativity in laboratory tasks. Acta Psychologica, issue number 18.
Fiedler, F. E., Mitchell, T. R., & Triandis, H. C. (1971). The culture assimilator: An approach to cross cultural training. Journal of Applied Psychology, volume 55.
Fiedler, F. E., & Chemers, M. M. (1974). Leadership and effective management. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
Fine, M. G., Johnson, F. L., & Ryan, M. S. (1990). Cultural diversity in the workplace. Public Personnel Management, issue number 19 – 3.
Fisher, B. A.. (1980). Small group decision making. Communication and the group process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life. New York: Free Press.
Francis, J. (1989). The cultural relativity of training techniques. Vision / Action, issue 8.
Friday, R. A. (1989). Contrasts in discussion behaviors of German and American managers. Inter-cultural Journal of Intercultural Relations, volume 13.
Frost, P. J., Moore, L. F., Louis, M. R., Lundberg, C. C., & Martin, J. (1985). Organizational culture. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Furnham, A., & Muhiudeen, C. (1984). The Protestant work ethic in Britain and Malaysia. Journal of Social Psychology, volume 122.
Fyans, L. J., Salili, F., Maehr, M. L., & Desai, K. A. (1983). A cross-cultural exploration into the meaning of achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, volume 44.
Gaertner, S.L., Mann, J., Murrell, A., & Dovidio,J. F. (1989). Reducing inter-group bias: The benefits of recategorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue number 57.
Ganguli, C. N. (1977). Management styles of different organizations in India. Management in Government, issue 9.
Gannon, M. J. (1993). Cultural metaphors: Capturing essential characteristics of 17 diverse societies. Chicago: Sage.
Gecas, V. (1982) The self concept. Annual Review of Psychology, issue 8.
Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Gibbons, A. (1992). Key issue: Mentoring. Science, volume 255.
Glenn, E. (1981). Man and mankind: Conflicts and communications between cultures. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Goldstein, L, & Associates. (1989). Training and development in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Goldstein, I. L., & Gilliam, P. (1990). Training system issues in the year 2000. American Psychologist, issue 45.
Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gould, K. H. (1988). Asian and Pacific Islanders: Myth and reality. Social Work
Gregory, K. L. (1983). Native-view paradigms: Multiple-cultures and culture conflicts in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, issue 28.
Grieco, A. (1987). Scope and nature of sexual harassment in nursing. Journal of Sex Research, issue 23 – 2.
Gruber,J. E., & Bjorn, L. (1982). Blue-collar blues: The sexual harassment of women autoworkers. Work and Occupations, issue 9 – 3.
Gruenfeld, L. W., & MacEachron, A. E. (1975). A cross-cultural study of cognitive style among managers and technicians. International Journal of Psychology, issue 10.
Gudykunst, W. B., Stewart, L. P., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1985). Communication culture and organizational effectiveness. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Gudykunst, W., & Nishida, T. (1986). Attributional confidence in low and high context cultures. Human Communication Research, issue 12- 4.
Gudykunst. W., & Ting-Toomey, 5. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Gupta, R. K. (1991). Employees and organization in India: Need to move beyond American and Japanese models. Economic and Political Weekly, issue 26.
Gurney, J. N. (1985). Not one of the guys: The female researcher in a male-dominated setting. Qualitative Sociology, issue 8 – 1.
Gutek, RA. (1985). Sex and the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey -Bass.
Gutek, B. A., Cohen, A. G., & Konrad, A. M. (1990). Predicting social-sexual behavior at work: A contact hypothesis. Academy of Management Journal, issue 33- 3.
Gutek, B. A., & Morasch, B. (1982). Sex-ratios, sex roles spillover, and sexual harassment of women at work. Journal of Social Issues, issue 38- 4.
Gutman, H. G. (1977). Work, culture and society industrializing America. New York: Vintage.
Hagen, R. L., & Kahn, A. (1975). Discrimination against competent women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology issue 5.
Hahn, H. (1983). Paternalism and public policy. Society, issue 20.
Hakel, M. D. (1981). Challenges of diversity: An American view of work psychology in Europe. In C. DeWolff, S. Shimmin, & M. de Montmollin (Eds.), Conflicts and contradictions: Work psychologists in Europe. London: Academic Press.
Hall, E. T. & Hall, M. R. (1990). Understanding cultural differences: Germans, French, and Americans. Yarmouth Maine: Intercultural Press.
Hall, E. T. (1989). Beyond culture. Garden City, N. York: Doubleday.
Hall, M. (1986). The lesbian corporate experience. Journal of Homosexuality, issue 12 - 3/4.
Hamilton, D. L. (1982). Cognitive process in stereotyping and inter-group behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hayles, R. (October 1, 1991). Diversity work. Why? Lecture presented at the conference organized by Personnel Decisions “Assessment: A Changing View”, Minneapolis, MN.
Hecht,M. L.,& Ribeau,S. (1984). Ethnic communication: A comparative analysis of satisfying communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue number 8 – 2.
Hecht, M. L., Ribeau, S., & Sedano, M. V. (1990). A Mexican American perspective on interethnic communication. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue l4.
Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-level theory. New York: Harper & Row.
Herskovits, M. J. (1955). Cultural anthropology. New York: Knopf.
Herskovits, M. J. (1955). Cultural anthropology. New York: Knopf.
Hewstone, M. (1989). Causal attribution: From cognitive processes to collective beliefs. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hoffman, L. R., Harburg, E., & Maier, N. R. F. (1962). Differences and disagreements as factors in creative group problem-solving. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, issue 64.
Hoffman, L. R., & Maier, N. R. F. (1961). Quality and acceptance of problem solutions by members of homogeneous groups and heterogeneous groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, issue 62.
Hofstede,G. (1980). Culture’s consequences. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1982). Energy and human nature. Indian Psychologist, volume 1.
Hofstede, G. (1982). Dimensions of national cultures in fifty countries and three regions. Paper presented at International Congress of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Aberdeen, UK.
Hofstede, G. (1983). Culture and management development. Paper presented to UNDP/ILO Interregional Project, Geneva.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hrop, S., & Rakos, R. F. (1985). The influence of race in the social evaluation of assertion in conflict situations. Behavior Therapy, issue 16 – 5.
Hui, C. C. (1984). Individualism-collectivism: Theory, measurement and its relation to reward allocation. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana.
Hui, C.C., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Measurement in cross-cultural psychology. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, issue 16.
Hui, C.C., & Triandis, H. C. (1989). Effects of culture and response format on extreme response style. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, volume  20.
Hulin, C. L., & Triandis, H. C. (1981). Meanings of work in different organizational environments. In P. C. Nystrom & W. H. Starbuck (Eds.), Handbook of organizational design. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Hunsicker,J. F., Jr. (1990). Ready or not: The ADA. Personnel Journal, August..
Ibarra, EL (1992). Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, issue 37
Inkeles, A., & Smith, D. H. (1974). Becoming modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Iwao, S. (1993). Japanese woman: Traditional image and changing reality. New York: Free Press.
Jackson, S. E., and Associates. (1992). Diversity in the workplace: Human resources initiatives. New York: Guilford Press.
Jackson, S. E. (1991). Team composition in organizational settings: Issues in managing an increasingly diverse work force. En S. Worchel, W. Wood, & J. Simpson (Eds.), Group process and productivity. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Jackson, S. E., & Alvarez, E. B. (1992). Working through diversity as a strategic imperative. En S. E. Jackson & Associates (Eds.), Diversity in the workplace: Human resources initiatives. New York: Guilford Press.
Jackson, S. E., Brett, J. F., Sessa, V. I., Cooper, D. M., Julin, J. A., & Peyronnin, K. (1991). Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology. Issue 76.
Jackson, S. E., Stone, V. K., & Alvarez, E. B. (1993). Socialization amidst diversity: Impact of demographics on work team old-timers and new-comers. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Volume 15. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Jaeger, A M. (1986). Organizational development and national culture: Where’s the fit? Academy of Management Review, issue 11.
Jago, A. G., & Vroom, V. H. (1982). Sex differences in the incidence and evaluation of participative leader behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology issue 67 – 6.
Jahoda, G. (1980). Theoretical and systematic approaches in cross-cultural psychology. In H. C. Triandis & W. W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology Volume 1, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Jahoda, G. (1984). Do we need a concept of culture? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue 15.
James, K., & Khoo, G. (1991). Identity-related influences on the success of minority workers in primarily non-minority organizations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, issue 13 – 2.
Jamieson, D.,& O’Mara,J. (1991).Managing work force 2000. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Janis, J. L. (1982). Groupthink. Houghton Mifflin.
Johnson, C. L., & Barer, B. M. (1990). Families and networks among older inner-city blacks. Gerontologist, issue 30 – 6.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1983). The socialization and achievement crises: Are cooperative learning experiences the solution? En L. Bickman (Ed.), Applied social Psychology annual. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Johnson, L., & Remus, W. (1985). A comparison of the problems faced by first-year men and women graduate Business students. College Student Journal, issue 19.
Johnston, W. B., & Packer, A. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and workers in the 21st. century. Indianapolis: Hudson Institute.
Joynt, P., & Warner, M. (1985). Managing in different cultures. Amsterdam: Universitetforlaget.
Juni, S., Brannon, R., & Roth, M. M. (1988). Sexual and racial discrimination in service-seeking interactions: A field study in fast food and commercial establishments. Psychological Reports, issue 63 – 1.
Kagitcibasi, C., & Berry, J. W. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends. In Annual Review of Psychology, issue 40.
Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
Kanter, R. M. (1977). Some effects of proportion on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American Journal of Sociology, issue 5.
Kanter, R. M. (1981). Women and the structure of organizations: Explorations in theory and behavior. In O. Grusky & G. A. Miller (Eds.), The sociology of organizations. New York: Free Press.
Kanungo, R. N. (1980). Biculturalism and management. Toronto: Butterworths.
Katz, J., Hass, R. G., & Bailey, J. (1988). Attitudinal ambivalence and behavior toward people with disabilities. In H. E. Yuker (Ed.). Attitudes toward persons with disabilities. New York: Springer.
Katz, J., Wackenhut, J., & Glass, D. C. (1986). An ambivalence-amplification theory of behavior toward the stigmatized. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of inter-group relations. Chicago: Nelson Hall.
Katz, P. A., & Taylor, D. A. (1988). Eliminating racism. New York: Plenum Press.
Kavanagh, K. H., & Kennedy, P. H. (1992). Promoting cultural diversity. Newbury Park: Sage.
Kealey, D. J., & Ruben, B. D. (1983). Cross-cultural personnel selection criteria, issues and methods. In D. Landis & R. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Vol. 1). New York: Pergamon.
Kedia, Ji. L.. & Bhagat, R. S. (1988). Cultural constraints or transfer of technology across nations: implications for research in international and comparative management. Academy of Management Review, issue 13.
Khandwalla, P. N. (1981). Strategy for turning around complex sick organizations. Vikalpa, issue 6.
Kim, Y. Y., & Gudykunst, W. B. (1988). Theories of intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhart, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Kirschenman, J., & Neckerman, K. M. (1991). “We’d love to hire them, but...“: The meaning of race for employers. In C. Jencks & P. E. Peterson (Eds.), The urban underclass. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Kitayama, S., Markus, H., Tununala, P., Kurokawa, M., & Kato, K. (1990). Culture and selfcognition. Unpublished manuscript.
Kluckhohn, F., & Strodtbeck, F. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston, IL: Row-Peterson.
Knouse, S. B. (1991) Racial, ethnic, and gender issues in the military. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 15 – 4..
Knouse, S. B., Rosenfeld, P., & Culbertson, A. (Eds.). (1992). Hispanics in the workplace. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Koenig, A., & Schalock, R. L. (1991). Supported employment: Equal opportunities for severely disabled men and women. International Labor Review, volume 130.
Kohl, J. P., & Greenlaw, P. S. (1992). The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Implications for managers. Sloan Management Review, Spring.
Komin, S.(1990).Culture and work-related in Thai organizations. International Journal of Psychology, volume 25.
Koontz, E. D. (1981). A step toward equality: A progress report. Washington, DC: National Manpower Institute.
Kram, K. E. (1985). Mentoring at work. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions (Vol. 47). Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
Kronenberger. G. K. (1991). Out of the closet. Personnel Journal, June.
Lambert, W. E., & Taylor, D. (1990). Coping with cultural and radar diversity in urban America. New York: Praeger.
Landis, D., & Brislin, R. W. (Eds.). (1983). Handbook of intercultural training. New York: Pergamon Press.
Landis, D., McGrew, P., Day, H., Savage, J., & Saral, T. (1976). Word meanings in black and white. In H.C. Triandis (Ed.), Variations in black and white perceptions of the social environment. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Landy, F. J., & Farr, J. L (1980). Performance rating. Psychological Bulletin, issue 87
Langer, E. J. (1983). The psychology of control. Beverly. Hills, CA: Sage.
Laurent, A. (1986). The cross-cultural puzzle of international human resource management. Human resource management, issue 25.
Leung, K., & Bond, M. (1984). The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, volume 47.
Leung, K.,& Park, H.J. (1986). Effects of interactional goal on choice of allocation rule: A cross national study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, issue 37.
Leviatan, U., & Cohen, J. (1985). Gender differences in life expectancy among kibbutz members. Social Science Medicine, issue 21.
Levine, M. P. (1979). Employment discrimination against gay men. International Review of Modern Sociology, issue 9.
Levitan, S. A., & Taggart, R (1977). Employment problems of disabled persons. Monthly Labor Review, issue 110.
Levitt, E. E., & Klassen, A. D., Jr. (1974). Public attitudes toward homosexuality: Part of the 1970 national survey of the Institute for Sex Research. Journal of Homosexuality, issue 1.
Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Likert, R., & Likert,J. G. (1976). New ways of managing conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Lin, T. R., Dobbins, G. H., & Farh, J. L. (1992). A field study of race and age similarity effects on interview ratings in conventional and situational interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 77.
Lincoln, J. R., Olson, J., & Hanada, M. (1978). Cultural effects on organizational structure: The case of Japanese firms in the United States American Sociological Review. Volume 43.
Lindsay, C. P., & Dempsey, B. L. (1983). The painfully learned lessons about working in China: The insights of two American behavioral scientists. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, volume 19.
Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 38.
Livneh, H. (1988). A dimensional perspective on the origin of negative attitudes toward persons with disabilities. In H. E. Yuker (Ed.), Attitudes toward persons with disabilities. New York: Springer.
Lobel, S. A. (1993). Sexuality at work: Where do we go from here? Journal of Vocational Behavior, issue 42 – 1.
Loden, M., & Rosener,J. B. (1991). Work forceAmerica! Managing employee diversity as a vital resource. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.
Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lonner, W. J. (1980). The search for psychological universals. In H. C. Triandis & W. W. Lambert (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 143—204). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Lott, A. J., & Lott, B. E. (1965). Group cohesiveness and interpersonal attraction: A review of relationships with antecedent and consequent variables. Psychological Bulletin, issue 64
Maass, A., Salvi, D., Arcuri, L., & Semin, G. (1989). Language use in inter-group contexts: The linguistic inter-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology issue 57.
MacKinnon, C. A. (1979). Sexual harassment of working women: A case of sex discrimination. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Majors, R., & Billson, J. M. (1992). Cool pose: The dilemmas of black manhood in America. New York: Lexington Books.
Malpass, R. S. (1977). Theory and method in cross cultural psychology. American Psychologist, issue 32.
Mann, L. (1980). Cross-cultural studies of small groups. In H. C. Triandis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 5). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Mann, G., & Mann, B. V. (1991). Research with Hispanic populations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Mann, G., & Triandis, H. C. (1985). Allocentrism as an important characteristic of the behavior of Latin Americans and Hispanics. In R. Diaz Guerrero (Ed.), Cross-cultural and national studies of social psychology. Amsterdam: North Holland.
Marin, G.,Triandis,H. C., Betancourt H., & Kashima, Y. (1983). Ethnic affirmation versus social desirability: Explaining discrepancies in bilinguals’ responses to a questionnaire. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, volume 14.
Marks, G., & Miller, N. (1987). Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, issue 102.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, issue 98.
Martin, J., & Siehl, C. (1983). Organizational culture and counterculture: An uneasy symbiosis. Organizational Dynamics, issue 12.
Martin, P. Y., & Shanahan, K. A (1983) Transcending the effects of sex composition in small groups. Social Work with Groups, issue 6.
Martini, M., Behnke, R. R., & King, P. E. (1992). The communication of public speaking anxiety: Perceptions of Asian and American speakers. Communication Quarterly, issue 40 – 3.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370—396.
Massimini, F., & Calegari, P. (1979). II contesto normativo sociale. Milano: Angeli.
McCarthy, H. (1988). Attitudes that affect employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. In H. E. Yuker (Ed.), Attitudes toward persons with disabilities. New York: Springer.
McClelland, D.C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. New York: Free Press.
McCormick, A. E., & Kinloch, G. C. (1986). Inter-racial contact in the customer-clerk situation. Journal of Social Psychology, issue 126.
McGrath, J. E. (1984). Groups: Interaction and performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
McIlhone, M. (1984). Barriers to advancement: The obstacle course. In R. Ritchie (Chair), The successful woman manager: how did she get there? Symposium conducted at 92nd annual meeting got the American Psychological Association.
McKinney, K. (1990). Sexual harassment of university faculty by colleagues and students. Sex Roles, issue 23 - 7/8.
McKirnan, D. J, & Peterson, P. L. (1988). Stress, expectancies, and vulnerability to substance abuse: A test of a model among homosexual men. Journal of Psychology, issue 97- 4.
McLeod, P. L., & Lobel, S. A. (1992). The effects of ethnic diversity on idea generation in small groups (August). Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings.
McNeely, R. L (1987). Predictors of job satisfaction among three racial ethnic groups of professional female human service workers. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, issue 14 – 4.
Mead, R. (1990). Cross cultural management communication. Chichester: John Wiley.
Minturn, L., & Lambert, W. W. (1964). Mothers of six cultures. New York: Wiley.
Misumi, J. (1972). Group dynamics in Japan. Fukuoka, Japan: Faculty of Education, Kyushu University.
Misumi, J. (1978). Social psychology in Japan. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Misumi, J. (1985). The behavioral Science of leadership. An interdisciplinary Japanese research program. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Moghaddam, F. M. (1989). Specialization and de-specialization In psychology: Divergent process in the three worlds. International Journal of Psychology, issue 24.
Moore, D. P., & Rickel, A. U. (1980). Characteristics of women in traditional and non traditional managerial roles. Personnel Psychology, issue 33.
Morey, N. C., & Luthans, F. (1984). An emic perspective and ethno-science methods for organizational research. Academy of Management Review, issue 9.
Mudrick, N. R. (1983). Disabled women. Society, issue 20.
Murphy, R. F., Scheer, J., Murphy, Y., & Mack, R. (1988). Physical disability and social liminality: A study in the rituals of adversity. Social Science and Medicine, issue 26.
Myers, C. A. (1958). Industrial relations in India. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
Nahavandi, A., & Malekzadeh, A. R. (1988). Acculturation in mergers and acquisitions. Academy of Management Review, issue 13 – 1.
Nath, R. (1992). Impact of societal and organizational cultures of worker commitment. In R. N. Kenungo (Ed.), Human resource management in developing countries. Montreal: McGill University of Faculty of Management.
Negandhi, A. R. (1983). Cross-cultural management research: Trend and future directions. Journal of International Business Studies, issue 14.
Nelton, S. (1992, September). Winning with diversity. Nation’s Business.
Newcomb, T. (1956). The prediction of interpersonal attraction. American Psychologist, issue 11.
Ng, S. H. (1982). Choosing between ranking and rating procedures for the comparison of values across cultures. European Journal of Social Psychology, volume 12.
Nieva, y. F., & Gutek, B. A. (1980). Sex effects on evaluation. Academy of Management Review, issue 5 - 2.
Nieva, y. F., & Gutek, B. A. (1981). Women and work: A psychological perspective. New York: Praeger.
Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Nkomo, S. M. (1992). The emperor has no clothes: Rewriting “race in organizations.” Academy of Management Review, issue 17 – 3.
Noe, R. A. (1988). An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships. Personnel Psychology, issue 41- 3.
Oberg, K. (1958). Culture shock and the problem of adjustment to new cultural environments. Washington, DC: Department of State Foreign Service Institute.
O’Brien, F. P., & Vest, M. J. (1988). A proposed scale to measure beliefs about the consequences of employing homosexuals. Psychological Reports, issue 63 – 2.
O’Driscoll, M., & Feather, N. (1983). Perception of value congruence and interethnic behavioral intentions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 7.
Offe, C. (1976). Industry and inequality: The achievement Principle in work and social status. London: Edward Arnold.
Offermann, L. R, & Gowing, M. K. (1990). Organizations of the future: Changes and challenges. American Psychologist, issue 45.
O’Hare, W. (1990). A new look at Asian Americans. American Demographics, issue 12 – 10.
Oliver, M. (1990). The politics of disablement: A sociological approach. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
O’Reilly, C. A., Caldwell, D. F., & Barnett, W. P. (1989). Work group demography, social integration, and turnover. Administrative Science Quarterly, issue 34.
Osgood, C. E., May, W., & Miron, M. (1975). Cross cultural universals of affective meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Ouchi, W. G., & Jaeger, A. M. (1978). Type Z organization: Stability in the midst of mobility. Academy of Management Review, issue 5.
Padaki, R. (1983). Organizational climate: What it is and what it does (Research Rep. No. HR/142). Ahmadabad: ATIRA, Human Resources Division.
Padaki, R. (1983). Organizational climate in nationalized textile mills. Management Digest, issue 1.
Padgitt, S. C., & Padgitt, J. S. (1986). Cognitive structure of sexual harassment: Implications for university policy. Journal of College Student Personnel, issue 27 – 1.
Paludi, M. (1990). Psychosocial and structural factors related to women’s vocational development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, issue 602.
Paul, E. A. (1985). Wounded healers: A summary of the Vietnam Nurse Veteran Project. Military Medicine, issue 150 – 11.
Pedersen, P. (1983). Learning about the Chinese culture through the Chinese language. Communication & Cognition, issue 16.
Pelto, P. J. (1968). The difference between “tight” and “loose” societies. Transaction, April.
Pepitone, A., & Triandis, H. C. (1987).On the universality of social psychological theories. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue 18.
Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., & Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them: Social categorization and the process of inter-group bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 59.
Pestonjee, D. M., & Akhtar, S.S. (1969). Occupational values, preferences, and income aspirations of engineering and teacher training students. Indian Psychological Review, issue 5.
Peters, T. 1.. & Waterman, R. H., Jr. (1982). In search of excellence: Lessons from America’s best-run companies. New York: Warner.
Peterson, M. L. (1988). Positive social identity among homosexuals: An inter-group identity approach to minority stress. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Chicago). Dissertation Abstracts International, volume 49 (12B, 5573).
Peterson, M. (1988). PM theory in Japan and China: What’s in it for the United States? Organizational Dynamics, issue 22.
Pettigrew, T. F. (1986) The inter-group contact hypothesis reconsidered. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in inter-group encounters. Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, issue 43 – 1.
Pettigrew, T. P. (1959). The demography of de segregation. Journal of Social Issues, issue 15.
Petty, M. M., & Lee, G. K. (1975). Moderating effects of sex of supervisor and subordinate on relationships between supervisory behavior and subordinate satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 60.
Petty, M. M., & Miles, R. H. (1976). Leader sex-role stereotyping in a female-dominated work culture. Personnel Psychology, issue 29.
Pfeffer, J. (1983). Organizational demography. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Volume 5. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Phelps, R. E., Meara, N. W., Davis, K. L, & Patton, M. J. (1991). Blacks and whites perceptions of verbal aggression. Journal of Counseling and Development, issue number 69.
Poortinga, Y. H., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (1987). Explaining cross-cultural differences: Bias analysis and beyond. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, issue l8.
Popovich, P. M., & Licata, B. J. (1987). A role model approach to sexual harassment. Journal of Management, issue 13 – 1.
Popovich, P. M., Licata, B. J., Nokovich, D., Martelli, T., & Zoloty, S. (1986). Assessing the incidence and perceptions of sexual harassment behaviors among American undergraduates. Journal of Psychology, issue 120 – 4.
Powell, G. N. (1986). Effects of sex role identity and sex on definitions of sexual harassment. Sex Roles, issue 14 - 1/2.
Preston, J. C. (1987). Cultural blinders: Take off before attempting international organizational development. Organizational Development Journal, issue 5.
Pryor, J. B., & Day, J. D. (1988). Interpretations of sexual harassment: An attributional analysis. Sex Roles, issue 13 - 7/8.
Quinn, R. E., & Lees, P. L. (1984). Attraction and harassment: Dynamics of sexual politics in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, issue 13 - 2.
Rabby, R. (1983). Employment of the disabled in large corporations. International Labor Review, issue 122.
Ragins, B. R. (1989). Barriers to mentoring: The female manager’s dilemma. Human Relations issue 42 – 1.
Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1991). Easier said than done: Gender differences in perceived barriers to gaining a mentor. Academy of Management Journal, issue 34 – 4.
Ragins, B. R., & McFarlin, D. B. (1990). Perceptions of mentor roles in cross-gender mentoring relationships. Journal of Vocational Behavior, issue 37 – 3.
Ragins, B. R., & Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin, issue 105 – 1.
Ramanujam, A. K. (1989). Is there an Indian way of thinking? An informal essay. Contributions to Indian Sociology, issue 25.
Rao, T..V. (1981). Psychology of work: Individual in organization. In U. Pareek (Ed.), A survey of research in psychology; 1971—1976 Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
Reardon, P. T. (1991, October 11). Family support is linked to jobs: Close ties give Mexican immigrants an edge, poverty study says. Chicago Tribune, Section 1.
Redding, S. G., & Ng, M. (1983). The role of “face” in the organizational perceptions of Chinese managers. International Studies of Management and Organization, issue 13.
Reich, M. H. (1985). Executive views from both sides of mentoring. Personnel, issue – 62 – 3..
Reid, P. T., & Comas-Diaz, L. (1990). Gender and ethnicity: Perspectives on dual status. Sex Roles, issue 22 - 7/8.
Ridgeway, C. L. (1982). Status in groups: The importance of motivation. American Sociology Review, issue 47.
Roberts, K. H. (1970). On looking at an elephant: An evaluation of cross-cultural research related to organizations. Psychological Bulletin, issue 74
Roberts, K. H., & Boyacigiller, N. A. (1984). Cross national organizational research: The grasp of the blind men. Research- in Organizational Behavior, issue 6.
Roche, G. (1979). Much ado about mentors. Harvard Business Review, issue 57 - 1.
Rogers, E., & Bhowmik, D. K. (1971). Homophily - heterophily: Relational concepts for communication research. In L. Barker & E. Kibler (Eds.), Speech communication behavior: Perspectives and Principles. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Rohner, R. (1981). Toward a concept of culture for cross- cultural psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue 15.
Rokeach, M., & Mezei, L. (1966). Race and shared belief as factors in social choice. Science, issue 151.
Rosen, B, Miguel, M,. & Peirce, E. (1989). Stemming the exodus of women managers. Human Resource Management issue 28 – 4.
Rosen, B., Templeton, N. C., & Kichline, K. (1981). First few years on the job: Women in management. Business Horizons, issue 24.
Rosener, J. B. (1991). Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review.
Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings. En I. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Volume 10). New York: Academic Press.
Ross, L., Greene, D., House, P. (1977). The false consensus effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, issue 13.
Ross, L., & Nisbett, R (1991). The person and the situation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ross, M. W. (1978). The relationship of perceived social hostility, conformity and psychological adjustment in homosexual males. Journal of Homosexuality, issue 4.
Ross, M. W. (1989). Gay youth in four cultures: A comparative study. Journal of Homosexuality, issue 17.
Ross, M. W. (1990). The relationship between life events and mental health in homosexual men. Journal of Clinical Psychology, issue 46.
Rowland, D. (1985). Japanese business etiquette. New York Warner Books.
Rubinstein, M. (1988). The dignity of women at work: A report on the problem of sexual harassment in the member states of the European Communities. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Ryan, A. S., & Hendricks, C. 0. (1989). Culture and communication: Supervising the Asian and His panic social worker. Clinical Supervisor, issue 7 – 1.
Sackett, P. R., DuBois, L. Z., & Noe, A. W. (1991). Tokenism in performance evaluation: The effects of work group representation on male-female and white-black differences in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 76 – 2.
Safran, C. (1976). What men do to women on the job: A shocking look at sexual harassment. Redbook.
Samovar, L., & Porter, R. (Eds.). (1988). Intercultural communication: A reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Schein, E. H. (1990). Organizational culture. American Psychologist, issue 45 – 2.
Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 57.
Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Schneider, B. (1975). Organizational climate: An essay. Personnel Psychology, issue 28.
Schneider, S. C. (1988). National vs. corporate culture: Implications for Human Resource Management. Human Resource Management, issue 27.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 58.
Schwartz, S. (1995). Cultural dimensions of values: Toward an understanding of national differences. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theoretical and methodological perspectives. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Schwartz,S., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure
Schwartz, S. H. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. En M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Segall, M. H. (1984). More than we need to know about culture but are afraid not to ask. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue 15.
Segall, M. H. (1986). Culture and behavior: Psychology in global perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, issue 37.
Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. D., Berry, J. W., & Poortinga, Y. H. (1990). Human behavior in global perspective. New York: Pergamon Press.
Sharma, B. R., & Warrier, S. K. (1977). Selection of future managers: Relevance of admission procedure. Management and Labor Studies, issue 3.
Shaw, M. E. (1981). Group dynamics: The Psychology of small group behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sherif, M., & Sherif, C W. (1969). Social psychology. New York: Harper & Row.
Shweder, R., & LeVine, R. A. (1984) Culture theory. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Simon, H. A., & Daly, E. (1992). Sexual orientation and workplace rights: A potential land mine for employers? Employee Relations Law Journal, issue 18 – 1.
Singer, M. R. (1987). Intercultural communication: A perceptual approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Singer, M. (1975). Industrial leadership, the Hindu ethic and the spirit of socialism. Indian Social and Psychological Studies, issue 1.
Singh, P., & Das, G. S. (1978). Organizational culture and its impact on commitment to work. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, issue 13.
Sinha, A. K. (1991). The leadership enigma: What and what not to expect. The Social Engineer, issue 1.
Sinha, D. (1983). Human assessment in Indian context. In S. H. Iwine & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Human assessment and cultural factors. New York: Plenum.
Sinha, J.B. P. (1985). Cultural bias in appraisal system. Paper presented at the International Seminar on Selection and Appraisal Systems, New Delhi.
Sinha, J. B. P., & Sinha, S. R. (1975). In response to the pressure to reduce disparity. Indian Journal of Psychology, issue 50.
Sinha, J. B. P., & Verma, J. (1987). Structure of collectivism. En C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.),Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology. Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, issue 213
Smeltser, L. R., & Leap, T. L. (1988). An analysis of individual reactions to potentially offensive jokes in a work setting. Human Relations, issue 41.
Solomon, R. (1980). The opponent process theory of acquired motivation. American Psychologist, issue 35.
Stead, B. A., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1 986).Service priority in department stores: The effects of customer gender and dress. Sex Roles, issue 15 -11 & 12.
Steiner, 1. D. (1972). Group process and productivity. New York: Academic Press.
Stening, B. W., & Everett, J. E. (1984). Response styles in a cross-cultural managerial study. Journal of Social Psychology, issue 122.
Stephart, W. G., & Rosenfeld, D. (1978). Effects of desegregation on racial attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 36.
Stephan, C. W., & Stephan, W. G. (1992). Reducing intercultural anxiety through intercultural contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 16
Stephan, W. G. (1985). Inter-group relations. En G. Lindzev & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology. New York: Random House.
Stephan, W. G., Ageyev, y., Stephan, C. W., Abalakina, M., Stefanenko, T., & Coates-Shrider, L. (1993). Measuring sterotypes: A comparison of methods using Russian and American samples. Manuscript.
Stephan, W. G , & Stephan C. W. (1984). The role of ignorance in inter-group relations. En N. Miller& M. B. Brew Desegregation: Groups in contact. New York: Academic Press.
Stewart, T. A. (1991). Gay in corporate America. Fortune (December 16).
Storey, B. (1991). History and homogeneity: Effects of perceptions of membership groups on inter personal communication. Communication Research, issue 18 – 2.
Stroh, L. K., Brett, J. M., & Reilly, A. H. (1992). All the right stuff: A comparison of female and male managers’ careers’ progression. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 77.
Sue, S., Zane, N. W. 5., & Sue, D. (1985). Where are all the Asian American leaders and top executives? P/AAMHRC Review, issue 4.
Taft, R, (1977). Coping with unfamiliar cultures. In N. Warren (Ed.), Studies in cross-cultural psychology. London: Academic Press.
Tainio, R., & Santalainen, T. (1984). Some evidence for the cultural relativity of organizational development programs. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, issue 20.
Tajfel, H. (1974). Social identity and inter-group behavior. Social Science Information, issue 13.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of inter-group conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of inter-group relations. Monterey: Brooks/Cole.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. En S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of inter-group relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Tangri, S. S., Burt, M. R., & Johnson, L. B. (1982). Sexual harassment at work: Three explanatory models. Journal of Social Issues, issue 38 -4.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don’t understand: Women and men in conversation. New York: Morrow.
Taylor, S. E., Fiske, 5. T., Etcoff, N. L,. & Ruderman, A. J. (1978). Categorical and contextual basis of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 36.
Terborg, J. R., Castore, C., & DeNinno, J. A. (1976). A longitudinal field investigation of the impact of group composition on group performance and cohesion. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, issue 34.
Thernstrom, S. (1980). Harvard encyclopedia of ethnic diversity and American ethnic groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Thomas, D. A. (1990). The impact of race on managers’ experiences of developmental relationships. Journal of Organizational Behavior, issue 11 – 6.
Torrance, E. P. (1957). Group decision making and disagreement. Social Forces, issue 35.
Triandis, H. C. (1959). Cognitive similarity and inter-personal communication in industry. Journal of Applied Psychology, issue 43.
Triandis, H. C. (1960). Cognitive similarity and communication In a dyad. Human Relations, issue 13.
Triandis, H. C. (1964). Cultural influences upon cognitive processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Triandis, H. C. (1983). Essentials of studying cultures. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Vol. 1). New York: Pergamon.
Triandis, H. C. (1960). Some determinants of inter-personal communication. Human Relations, issue 13.
Triandis, H. C. (1992). Cross—cultural research in social psychology. In D. Granberg & G. Sarup (Eds.), Social judgment and inter relations: Essays in honor of Muzafer Sherif New York: Springer.
Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hin, C. (1990). Multi-method probes of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 59.
Triandis, H. C. (1967). Toward an analysis of the components of interpersonal attitudes. En C. Sherif & M. Sherif (Eds.), Attitudes, ego involvement, and change. New York: Wiley.
Triandis, H. C. (1971). Attitude and attitude change. New York: Wiley.
Triandis, H. C. (1972). The analysis of subjective culture. New York: Wiley.
Triandis, H. C. (1975). Culture training, cognitive complexity and interpersonal attitudes. En R Brislin, S. Bochner, & W. Lonner (Eds.), Cross cultural perspectives on learning. Beverly Hills, Sage.
Triandis, H. C. (1976). The future of pluralism. Journal of Social Issues, issue 32
Triandis, H. C. (1976). Variations in black and white perceptions of the social environment. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Triandis, H. C. (l977). Interpersonal behavior. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Triandis, H. C. (1977). Theoretical framework for the evaluation of cross-cultural training effectiveness. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 1.
Triandis, H. C. (1988). Collectivism and individualism: A re-conceptualization of a basic concept cross-cultural psychology. En G. K. Verma & C. Bargley (Eds)., Personality, attitudes, and cognitions. London: Macmillan.
Triandis, H. C. (1988) Cross-cultural contributions to theory in social psychology. En M. Bond (Ed.), The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural context. Psychological Review, issue 96.
Triandis, H. C. Cross-cultural studies of individualism and collectivism. En J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1989 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Triandis, H. C. (1993). Theoretical and methodological approaches in the study of collectivism and individualism. En U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theoretical and methodological issues. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism-collectivism: Cross cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 54.
Triandis, H. C., et al. (1986). The measurement of etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, issue 38.
Triandis, H. C., Hall, E. R., & Ewen, R. B. (1965). Member heterogeneity and dyadic creativity. Human Relations, issue 18.
Triandis, H. C., Hui, C. H., Albert, R. D., Leung, S., Lisansky, J., Diaz-Loving, R., Plascencia, L., Mann, G., Betancourt, H., & Loyola-Cintron, L. (1984). Individual models of social behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 46.
Triandis,H. C., Kashima, Y., Shimada, E., &Villareal, M. (1986). Acculturation indicies as a means of confirming cultural differences. International Journal of Psychology, issue 21.
Triandis, H. C., Kurowski,L. L.,Tecktiel,A. , & Chan, K-S. (1993). Extracting the emics of diversity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations.
Triandis, H. C., Leung, K., Vilareal, M., & Clack, F. L. (1985). Allocentric vs. idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation. Journal of Research in Personality, issue 19.
Triandis, H. C., Marin, G., Lisansky,J., & Betancourt, H. (1984). Simpatía as a cultural script of Hispanics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 47.
Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multi-method probes of individualism and Collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 59.
Triandis, H. C., & Triandis, L. M. (1960). Race, social class, religion and nationality as determinants of social distance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, issue 61.
Triandis, H. C., & Vassiliou, V. (1967). Frequency of contact and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, issue 7.
Trice, H. M., & Beyer, J. M. (1984). Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials. Academy of Management Review, issue 9.
Trifonovitch, G. (1973). On cross-cultural orientation techniques. Topics in Culture Learning, issue 1.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and. the psychology of choice. Science, issue 21.
Vinson, E., & Holloway, M. (1977). The effects of formalization on perceptions of discrimination, effort and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, issue 10.
Wacquant, L., & Wilson, W. J. (1989). The cost of racial and class exclusion in the inner city. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, volume 501
Wang, Z. M. (1990). Action research and O.D. strategies in Chinese enterprises. Organization Development Journal.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1992). Locus of control, mood disturbance, and social difficulty during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, issue 16.
Weber, M. (1958). The religion of India: Time sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism. (H. H. Gerth & D. Martindale, Trans. & Eds.) New York: Glencoe, C. T. Press.
Weinberg, M. S. (1970). Homosexual samples: Differences and similarities. Journal of Sex Research, issue 6.
Westie, F. R., & Westie, M. L. (1957). The social distance pyramid: Relationships between caste and class. American Journal of Sociology, issue 63.
Whitehill, A. M. (1991). Japanese Management: Tradition and Transition. London: Routledge.
Whitely, W., Dougherty, T. W., & Dreher, G. F. (1991). Relationship of career mentoring and socioeconomic origin to managers’ and professionals’ early career progress. Academy of Management Journal, 34(2), 331—351.
Whitely, W., Dougherty, T. W., & Dreher, G. F. (1992). Correlates of career-oriented mentoring for early career managers and professionals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, issue 13.
Whiting, B., & Whiting,J. W. M. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psycho-cultural analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Whorf, B. J. (1952). Collected papers on meta-linguistics. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute.
Wickham, J. (1976) Introduction. En C. Offe, Industry and inequalíty: The achievement Principle in work and social status. London: Edward Arnold.
Willems, E. P., & Clark, R D., III (1971). Shift towards risk and heterogeneity of groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, issue 7.
Witkin, H. A., & Berry, J. W. (1975). Psychological differentiation in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, issue 6,
Wood, J. T., & Conrad, C. (1983). Paradox in the experiences of professional women. Western Journal of Speech Communication, issue 47.
Worchel, S. (1986). The role of cooperation in reducing inter-group conflict. En S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of inter-group relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Xu, Z. H., & Liu, Y. F. (1984). Bureaucratic-capitalist enterprise management. In Chinese encyclopedia of enterprise management. Beijing: Enterprise Management Press. (in Chinese)
Yoder, J. D. (1985). An academic woman as a token: A case study. Journal of Social Issues, issue 41 – 4.
Yoder, J. D., Adams, J., Grove, S., & Priest, R. F. (1985). To teach is to learn: Overcoming tokenism with mentors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, issue 9 – Yoshino, M. Y. (1976). Japan’s multinational enterprises. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Yuker, H. E. (1988). The effects of contact on attitudes toward disabled persons: Some empirical generalizations. En H. E. Yuker (Ed.), Attitudes towards persons with disabilities. New York: Springer.
Yukl, G. A. (1981). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zamarripa, P. O., & Krueger, D. L. (1983). Implicit contracts regulating small group leadership. The influence of culture. Small Group Behavior, issue 14.
Zane, N. W., Sue, S., Hu, L., & Kwon, J-H. (1991). Asian-American assertion: A social learning analysis of cultural differences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, issue 38.
Zangwill, I. (1914) The melting pot: Drama in four acts. New York: Macmillan.
Zeleny, L. D. (1955). Validity of a sociometric hypothesis—the function of creativity in interpersonal and group relations. Sociometry, issue 18.
 
 
Esperamos que esta primera versión Bibliográfica en relación con el tema de Diversidad en las Organizaciones mucho de lo aprendido al respecto por estos expertos pueda ser aplicado ventajosamente por altos directivos corporativos y también por empresarios en los distintos países de Latinoamérica.
 
India y China vienen trabajando durante los últimos 15 a 20 años con suma intensidad en la aplicación de las Ciencias del Comportamiento dentro del mundo de las empresas y organizaciones, y muchos de sus resultados ya están a la vista. El empresario puede ser exitoso “sin saber”, pero solo ocasionalmente. Y aún así esto no es muy bueno; cuando se cae tampoco sabe porque su empresa ha caído.
 

Eric Gaynor Butterfield - informesarrobatheodinstitute.org

Ph. D. (abd) - Presidente The Organization Development Institute International, Latinamerica (Board member de The Organization Development Institute- Worldwide)